Hands-free Multi-Type Character Text Entry in Virtual Reality

Wan, Tingjie and Shi, Rongkai and Xu, Wenge and Li, Yue and Atkinson, Kaite and Yu, Lingyun and Liang, Hai-Ning (2024) Hands-free Multi-Type Character Text Entry in Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality, 28. p. 8. ISSN 1359-4338

Text Hands_free_Multi_Type_Character_Text_Entry_for_in_VR.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 3 January 2025. Download (3MB)

Abstract

Multi-type characters, including uppercase and lowercase letters, symbols, and numbers, are essential in text entry activities. Although multi-type characters are used in passwords, instant messages, and document composition, there has been limited exploration of multi-character text entry for virtual reality head-mounted displays (VR HMDs). Typically, multi-type character entry requires four kinds of keyboards between which users need to switch. In this research, we explore hands-free approaches for rapid multi-type character entry. Our work explores two efficient and usable hands-free approaches for character selection: eye blinks and dwell. To enable quick switching between keyboards, we leverage the usability and efficiency of continuous head motions in the form of cross-based activation. In a pilot study, we explored the usability and efficiency of four locations of the switch keys, the two hands-free selection mechanisms, and crossing-based switching. In the main experiment, we evaluated four user-inspired layouts designed according to the findings from the pilot study. Results show that both blinking and dwell can work well with crossing-based switching and could lead to a relatively fast text entry rate (5.64 words-per-minute (WPM) with blinking and 5.42 WPM with dwell) with low errors (lower than 3% not corrected error rate (NCER)) for complex 8-digit passwords with upper/lowercase letters, symbols, and numbers. For sentences derived from the Brown Corpus, participants can reach 8.48 WPM with blinking and 7.78 WPM with dwell. Overall, as a first exploration, our results show that it is usable and efficient to perform hands-free text entry in VR using either eye blinks or dwell for character selection and crossing for mode switching.

Item Type:	Article
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00902-z
Dates:	Date Event 16 October 2023 Accepted 3 January 2024 Published Online
Subjects:	CAH11 - computing > CAH11-01 - computing > CAH11-01-01 - computer science
Divisions:	Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment > School of Computing and Digital Technology
Depositing User:	Wenge Xu
Date Deposited:	26 Oct 2023 13:49
Last Modified:	18 Jan 2024 13:16
URI:	https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/id/eprint/14877

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