Comparison of surface erosion between stainless steel 304 and carbon steel 1045 under waterjet peening process

Azhari, Azmir and Jamaludin, Ahmad Shahir and Gebremariam, Mebrahitom and Saptaji, Kushendarsyah and Alao, Abdur-Rasheed (2026) Comparison of surface erosion between stainless steel 304 and carbon steel 1045 under waterjet peening process. Jurnal Tribologi, 48. pp. 76-93. ISSN 2289-7232

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Abstract

This study presents a comparative evaluation of the erosion performance of stainless steel 304 (SS304) and carbon steel 1045 (CS1045) under waterjet peening process. The investigation focused on surface roughness and erosion characteristics under varying waterjet impingement parameters, including the number of jet passes, pressure, feedrate and stand-off distance. ANOVA results showed that the number of jet passes was the most influential parameter affecting surface roughness followed by pressure, feedrate and standoff-distance for both materials. In terms of surface roughness, CS1045 consistently exhibited greater value than SS304, primarily because of its lower hardness and reduced resistance to plastic deformation. Although CS1045 showed only slightly more severe material erosion overall, continuous surface degradation was particularly evident at higher pressures and increased jet passes. Hardness measurements further revealed that CS1045 exhibited a substantially greater increase in hardness compared to SS304 under identical waterjet conditions. Fractographic analysis revealed a predominantly ductile erosion mechanism in SS304, characterized by fibrous and dimpled fracture surfaces. Conversely, CS1045 displayed a mixed brittle–ductile erosion mode, with cleavage features and river patterns indicative of brittle fracture. These observations highlight the complex nature of material response to waterjet impact, where factors such as microstructure, hardness, and energy absorption mechanisms significantly influence erosion behaviour. The findings offer valuable insights for selecting suitable materials in applications involving high-pressure fluid impact and surface treatment processes.

Item Type:	Article
Dates:	Date Event 26 December 2025 Accepted 31 March 2026 Published Online
Uncontrolled Keywords:	waterjet, impingement, surface roughness, hardness, erosion mechanism, stainless steel 304, carbon steel 1045
Subjects:	CAH10 - engineering and technology > CAH10-01 - engineering > CAH10-01-01 - engineering (non-specific)
Divisions:	Architecture, Built Environment, Computing and Engineering > Engineering
Depositing User:	Gemma Tonks
Date Deposited:	02 Sep 2026 11:29
Last Modified:	02 Sep 2026 11:29
URI:	https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/id/eprint/17208

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